THE EVOLUTION OF TEXAS WATER LAW AND THE IMPACT OF ADJUDICATION1

Texas' surface water law began its evolution during the Hispanic period of occupance. Later, the English riparian doctrine was adopted, and finally, in the late 1800's, the prior appropriation doctrine was superimposed, resulting in an exceedingly complex dual system. Though the judiciary, legislature, and state water agencies have wrestled with the problem of coordinating these diverse water rights and more accurately delineating and measuring riparian rights and water use since early in this century, until recently all attempts were unsuccessful. The unknown riparian element, in particular, made coordinated and efficient management and administration of the state's surface water resources impossible. Finally, measurable progress toward solution of these problems began in 1967 with passage of the Water Rights Adjudication Act, aimed at identifying all unrecorded surface water rights claims and eventually merging all claims into the permit system. This paper examines the gradual evolution of Texas' curious blend of Hispanic-English riparian rights and later appropriate rights; discusses the resultant problems of water resource administration; and traces the progress of the ongoing water rights adjudication, a lengthy, expensive, and complex procedure, which should eventually make possible more efficient administration of all surface water rights.     

THE MILWAUKEE POLLUTION CASE - IMPLICATIONS FOR WATER RESOURCES PLANNING1

ABSTRACT: The Illinois v. Milwaukee Federal District Court decision is the most far reaching application yet of the federal common law of nuisance to interstate water pollution conflicts. Although a Federal Appelate Court recently rescinded part of the district court decision, Milwaukee must still upgrade its metropolitan sewage system to a level beyond that required by federal and state regulations. The improvements must be completed with or without federal aid. The case points out the apparent inability of the Clean Water Act, the most comprehensive federal legislation affecting the nation's water quality, to deal with certain interstate water quality conflicts. The Milwaukee decision could set a precedent for similar settlements elsewhere which may in turn affect the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's water quality clean up program. A more integrated, ecosystem conscious approach to management of shared water resources (e.g., the Great Lakes) would help reduce the need for court decisions like Illinois v. Milwaukee.     

LAW,HYDROLOGY, AND SURFACE-WATER SUPPLY IN THE UPPER COLORADO RIVER BASIN1

ABSTRACT: Law and hydrology are inextricably woven together in the pattern of water resource development in the west. The former attempts to allocate a limited and valuable resource as the latter tries to define the limits of the resource. In the past an inadequate data base has made hydrologic estimates difficult and political factors have pushed the law into possibly conflicting commitments in the Colorado River Basin. Through the use of tree-ring research, hydrologists have produced a more definitive data base and placed water allocations such as the Colorado River Compact of 1922 in a clearer long-term perspective. This data base leads to the conclusion that the surface-water supply is about 13.5 million acre-feet per year. This hydrologic limit must be apportioned within an existing legal framework - the “Law of the River.” As development approaches the resource limit in the Upper Colorado River Basin, lawyers and hydrologists must act in concert toward the equitable solution of allocation and reallocation problems.     

ABR反应器的两种快速启动方法对比

ABR反应器的启动是ABR反应器能否高效稳定运行的关键，其影响因素很多。为了更好地实现ABR反应器的启动，提出了通过2种不同启动方法的对比，即1^#反应器采用好氧预挂膜的方法，2^#反应器采用低负荷启动法，得出的结论为，好氧预挂膜启动法的启动时间短，COD去除率高，出水pH稳定，颗粒状污泥生长情况较好，是一种可推广的启动方法。     

下蜀土边坡地震稳定性的大型振动台试验研究(Ⅰ)——模型试验设计

为研究下蜀土边坡的地震稳定性,选用天然下蜀土,按照Meymand的相似法则,对一坡高为0.5m、宽度为1.05m、坡角为45°的模型边坡进行了几何相似常数为20的1g大型振动台模型试验详细设计。首先,运用数值模拟的方法确定了模型边坡尺寸适当的边界范围,模型边坡地基厚度、坡脚前缘和坡肩后缘长度均取为0.5m;其次,按照确定的模型几何尺寸设计了符合试验要求的模型箱,其内壁净尺寸(长×宽×高)为1500mm×1050mm×1100mm,属刚性模型箱,且不会与模型边坡发生共振;最后,制定了包括加速度和位移在内的数据量测策略,运用拟静力法求得下蜀土边坡平均屈服加速度为0.561g,综合确定了地震动峰值(PGA)按0.1g、0.3g、0.6g和0.9g的顺序逐级加载的原则,并制定了详细的试验步骤,从而可保障试验得到可靠的结果。     

Efficient and Practical Approaches to Ground‐Water Right Transfers Under the Prior Appropriation Doctrine and the Snake River Example1

Abstract: Water right transfers are one of the basic means of implementing changes in water use in the highly appropriated water resource systems of the western United States. Many of these systems are governed by the Prior Appropriation Doctrine, which was not originally intended for application to ground‐water pumping and the conjunctive management of ground water and surface water, and thus creates an administrative challenge. That challenge results from the fact that ground‐water pumping can affect all interconnected surface‐water bodies and the effects may be immeasurably small relative to surface water discharge and greatly attenuated in time. Although we may have the ability to calculate the effects of ground‐water pumping and transfers of pumping location on surface‐water bodies, mitigating for all the impacts of each individual transfer is sufficiently inefficient that it impedes the transfer process, frustrates water users, and consequently inhibits economic development. A more holistic approach to ground‐water right transfers, such as a ground‐water accounting or banking scheme, may adequately control transfer third‐party effects while reducing mitigation requirements on individual transfers. Acceptance of an accounting scheme can accelerate the transfer process, and possibly reduce the administrative burden.     

长江入海口北支沿海滩涂养殖区底泥重金属污染特征及趋势评价

对长江入海口北支沿海滩涂养殖区底泥重金属污染的总体水平进行调查,结果表明,滩涂养殖区底泥重金属含量满足海洋沉积物质量一类标准要求,污染程度属于安全Ⅰ级水平,重金属潜在生态危害属轻微级别,6种重金属潜在生态危害由大到小排序依次为Cd﹥Hg﹥Cu﹥Cr﹥Pb﹥As,2005年～2011年,底泥重金属污染程度均处于安全的Ⅰ级水平。     

基于韦伯-费希纳定律的空气质量普适韦伯指数公式

在适当设定各项空气污染物浓度"参照值"cj0的基础上,用相应于"参照值"cj0的污染物的"规范值"xj作为基于韦伯-费希纳(W-F)定律空气质量指数公式中的污染刺激量。由于各污染物同级标准的浓度"规范值"xjl差异不大,从而可以认为各污染物的韦伯指数公式等效于一个具有共同适用的韦伯常数α的W-F指数公式,并采用粒子群(PSO)算法优化得出α,得到对7项空气污染物皆适用的空气质量普适韦伯指数公式。该公式应用于多个实例分析,并与多种其它评价方法的评价结果比较表明,空气质量普适韦伯指数公式具有简单、实用和直观的特点。     

绿灯倒计时信号对驾驶行为的影响

为揭示绿灯倒计时信号对交叉口交通安全的影响,针对不同交通负荷与信号控制方式下的驾驶行为开展研究。选择大连市内的倒计时信号交叉口与非倒计时信号交叉口各2处,开展车辆行驶速度及不良驾驶行为调查。用数理统计方法,对比分析2类交叉口在平峰与高峰时段的车辆行驶速度特性,同时对比分析上述不同条件下闯黄灯及违规变道行为的发生数量。研究表明,绿灯倒计时信号在绿灯时间末期,会诱发一部分驾驶员加速行驶通过交叉口;绿灯倒计时信号在平峰时段对闯黄灯行为数量的影响较小,而对违规变道行为的数量有显著影响。     

基于分形维数的斜坡非饱和带土体大孔隙分布研究

对取自于云南省昭通市头寨滑坡滑源区附近的两个大尺度(25cm×25cm×50cm)土柱样品进行CT扫描,选取典型剖面切片,通过CT值范围将大孔隙分离从而研究土体中的大孔隙分布;计算大孔隙分布分维数(盒维数),研究其大孔隙的不规则特征,结果表明:土体中大孔隙的盒维数随深度增加呈单调递减规律,且与大孔隙度具有显著正相关关系;但大孔隙度只能表征在某一深度上大孔隙的分布多少,而大孔隙的不规则特征则需盒维数表征;最后得到大孔隙的累积大孔隙度与大孔隙孔径(在盒维数为常数时)符合幂函数规律,研究结果有利于利用分形理论建立大孔隙模型,从而研究水分在大孔隙中运动过程。